Total
Utility and Marginal Utility:
Difference Between Total Utility and Marginal Utility:
People buy goods because they get
satisfaction from them. This satisfaction which the consumer experiences when
he consumes a good, when measured as number of utils is called utility.
It is here to necessary to make a distinction between
total utility and marginal utility.
Total Utility (TU):
Definition and Explanation:
"Total utility is the total
satisfaction obtained from all units of a particular commodity consumed over a
period of time".
For example, a person consumes eggs
and gains 50 utils of total utility. This total utility is the sum of utilities
from the successive units (30 utils from the first egg, 15 utils from the
second and 5 utils from the third egg).
Summing up total utility is the amount of
satisfaction (utility) obtained from consuming a particular quantity of a good
or service within a given time period. It is the sum of marginal utilities of
each successive unit of consumption.
Formula:
TUx = ∑MUx
Marginal Utility (MU):
Definition and Explanation:
"Marginal utility means an additional or incremental utility.
Marginal utility is the change in the total utility that results from unit one
unit change in consumption of the commodity within a given period of
time".
For example, when a person increases the consumption of eggs
from one egg to two eggs, the total utility increases from 30 utils to 45
utils. The marginal utility here would be the15 utils of the 2nd egg consumed.
Marginal utility, thus,
can also be described as difference between total utility derived from one
level of consumption and total utility derived from another level of
consumption.
Formula:
MU = ∆TU
∆Q
It may here be noted
that as a person consumes more and more units of a commodity, the marginal
utility of the additional units begins to diminish but the total utility goes
on increasing at a diminishing rate.
When the marginal
utility comes to zero or we say the point of satiety is reached, the total
utility is the maximum. If consumption is increased further from this point of
satiety, the marginal utility becomes negative and total utility begins to
diminish.
The relationship between total utility and marginal
utility is now explained with
the help of following schedule and a graph.
Schedule:
Units of Apples Consumed Daily
|
Total Utility in Utils Per Day
|
Marginal Utility in Utils Per Day
|
1
|
7
|
7
|
2
|
11
|
4 (11-7)
|
3
|
13
|
2 (13-11)
|
4
|
14
|
1 (14-13)
|
5
|
14
|
0 (14-14)
|
6
|
13
|
-1 (13-14)
|
The above table shows that when a person consumes no apples, he gets no satisfaction. His total utility is zero. In case he consumes one apple a day, he gains seven units of satisfaction. His total utility is 7 and his marginal utility is also 7.
In case he consumes
second apple, he gains extra 4 utils (MU). Thus given him a total utility of 11
utils from two apples. His marginal utility has gone down from 7 utils to 4
utils because he has a less craving for the second apple.
Same is the case with
the consumption of third apple. The marginal utility has now fallen to 2 utils
while the total utility of three apples has increased to 13 utils (7 + 4 + 2).
In case the consumer takes fifth apple, his marginal utility falls to zero
utils and if he consumes sixth apple also, the total showing total utility and
marginal utility is plotted in figure below:
(i) The total utility
curves starts at the origin as zero consumption of apples yield zero utility.
(ii) The TU curve
reaches at its maximum or a peak of M when MU is zero.
(iii) The MU curve falls
through the graph. A special point occurs when the consumer consumes fifth
apple. He gains no marginal utility from it. After this point, marginal utility
becomes negative.
(iv) The MU curve can be
derived from the total utility curve. It is the slope of the line joining two
adjacent quantities on the curve. For example, the marginal utility of the
third apple is the slope of line joining points a and b. The slope of such given
by the formula:
MU = ∆TU
∆Q
TÜKETİCİ DENGESİ
Tüketicile
mal ve hizmetleri talep ederken gelirlerini, zevk ve tercihlerini mal ve
hizmetlerin fiyatlarını hesaba katmak durumundadır sonuçta, tüketiciler mevcut
gelirlerinin tamamını harcadıklarında elde ettikleri fayda, elde edilebilecek
en yüksek fayda ise tüketci dengesi gerçekleşmiş olur
MARJİNAL FAYDA YÖNTEMİ İLE TÜKETİCİ DENGESİ
MARJİNAL FAYDA YÖNTEMİ İLE TÜKETİCİ DENGESİ
Bu yöntemi
kullananlar faydanın util isimli bir ölçü birimi ile ölçülebileceğini kabul ederler
örneğin bir kg üzüm 20 util, bir gömlek 30 util, bir cep telefonu 100 util gibi
faydalara sahip
Tüketicinin
gelirinin tamamını harcayarak, satın alıp tükettiği tüm mal ve hizmetlerden
elde ettiği faydaların toplamına Toplam Fayda (Total Utility) denir.Tüketilen
mal ve hizmetin en son biriminden sağlanan faydaya Marjinal Fayda (Marginal
Utility) denir. Marjinal Fayda, matematiksel olarak toplam faydada meydana
gelen değişmenin, mal ve hizmet miktarında meydana gelen değişmeye bölünmesiyle
bulunur
Marjinal fayda = Toplam faydadaki değişme
Tüketim miktarındaki değişme
= MU = ∆TU
Tüketim miktarındaki değişme
= MU = ∆TU
Bir malın Tüketim miktarı arttıkça, marjinal faydası azalır. Yani tüketilen
en son birimin faydası daha düşük olur.
Demek ki bir mal ve hizmeti tükettmeye devam ettikçe en son birimin size sağladığı fayda yani marjinal fayda azalacaktır. Sıfıra hatta eksiye düşecektir. Bütün mal ve hizmetlerde durum benzerdir. İktisatta bu duruma azalan marjinal fayda prensibi denir.marjinal fayda sıfıra düşünceye kadar tüketilen her mal ve hizmet toplam faydatı arttıracaktır. Çünkü toplam fayda tüketilen her mal biriminin sağladığı faydaların toplamından oluşur. örnerğin kutu kola tüketen bir kişi diyelim ilk kolanın marjinal faydası 21 util iken, kola tüketim arttıkça marjinal fayda düşmektedir. Kola tüketimi birer kutu artırıldıkça, en son kolanın tüketiciye sağladığı fayda, yani marjinal fayda giderek azalmaktadır. İşte bu olaya azalan marjinal fayda prensibi denir
La utilidad, en microeconomía, es una medida de la
satisfacción de una persona al consumir un bien o servicio. La utilidad de una
persona aumenta cuando el bienestar de esa persona aumenta, y disminuye cuando
su bienestar disminuye.
Si bien la
utilidad es un concepto subjetivo que no se puede medir, es posible simularla
utilizando funciones de utilidad, que relacionan la "cantidad" de
utilidad con la cantidad consumida de ciertos bienes o servicios. Esta medida
de utilidad se denomina utilidad "cardinal".
\[ U(x) =
f(x) \]
“Üniversiteler için Mikro İktisada Giriş –
prof.dr.Kenan Çelik” , 4. Baskı murathan yayınevi 2011 TRABZON
